TRANSLATION METHODOLOGY ON THE BOOK "A LIFE IN ART CENTRE"

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the study is to determine the procedure and method of translation in the information book of technical service unit of Bali Cultural Park "A Life In Art Centre". The Data collection was conducted through observation method, which was supported by note taking technique. The method of analyzing the data was qualitative-descriptive. Based on the analysis, it was found the procedure to translated Balinese terms by borrowing method, the interference words translated by calque method, the sentences without idioms and ambiguous translated by literal translation, and the category replacement of a words class translated by transposition method.   

Key words : translation; methods; borrowing; calque; literal; transposition 

                     I.                   INTRODUCTION

Translation is the process of rendering the meaning of an idea, or a text message from one language to another. Translation process should consider the methods used to produce a translation that is accurate, clear, and natural. As a translator must find out right method to translate a text.

Methods in the translation are: borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. Borrowing is the simple of all translation methods. It would not even merit discussion in the context if the translators did not occasionally need to use it in order to create a stylistic effect. For instance, in order to introduce the flavor of the source language (SL) culture into a translation, foreign terms may be used, e.g. such Russian words as “roubles”, “datches”  and “aparatcchik”, dollars” and “party” from American English. Calque is special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression from of another, but than translates literally each of its elements.

Literal translation is the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which the translators’ task is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL.  The method called transposition involves replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message. Modulation is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view. Equivalence is repeatedly stressed that one and same situation can be rendered by two texts using completely different stylistic and structural methods. Adaptation is used in those cases where the tyfe of situation being repeated to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture, (Lawrence Venuti 2000:85-93). 

Based on the above, the problems of this research are: what are the procedures are used in translating Balinese culture terms, and what types of translation methods used in translating the source texts to the target texts in English. The aims of study is to analyze and describe the procedures used in translating Balinese culture terms and to find out the types of translation methods used in translating the source texts to the target texts in English.  

                      II.                MATERIALS AND METHOD

2.1        Materials

The source of data is text of book technical information services unit of Bali Cultural Park “A Life in Art Centre”. The reasons of choosing this book because the data in this book is composed of three language​​, namely Indonesian as a source language, English and Japanese as a target language, and these data also has the words contained the terms of Balinese culture, and others.  For example : “angkul-angkul”  translated by borrowing method to be “angkul-angkul”, and “direktur jendral” translated by calque method to be “director general”.

2.2        Method

The Data collection was conducted through observation method, which was supported by note taking technique. The data collected are the sentence, terms of Balinese culture, and others translated based translation methods. Namely: borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation.

The method of analyzing the data was qualitative-descriptive. This research explored and clarified which kinds of translation methods were used in the translation of this book. The data were categorized based of translation methods, and the next step was to find out which procedure is used to translate the data. The lass one is the comment of the data.  

                         III.             RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

After identifying, classifying and analyzing the data, than the result and discussion will be described as follows:

3.1  Borrowing method

(3-1)       SL “ Setelah melewati angkul-angkul (gerbang khas bangunan tradisional Bali), anda dapat langsung menuju tempat parkir yang terletak di sebelah barat areal Taman Budaya”. (page : 10)

TL “ After passing angkul-angkul (Bali traditional gate), you can proceed to the parking lot, which is on the west side of the Art Centre”. (page : 34) 

        In this text, “angkul-angkul”, translated using the borrowing method. “Angkul-angkul” derived from the Balinese language, and than become loanwords in Indonesian, in its use accompanied with the meaning "Bali traditional gate".

The borrowing method used to translated “angkul-angkul” is more equvalence than the others methods, because "angkul-angkul" is the one of the names the gates in Bali. The others names of gate in Bali suck as: “Candi Bentar”, “Kori Agung”, and “Gelung Kori”.

(3-2)         SL “Pada pelaksanaan upacara, Bale Selonding dimanfaatkan sebagai Bale Gong”. (page : 11)

TL “During the ceremony, Bale Selonding serves as Bale Gong”. (page : 35)

In this text, “Bale Selonding” and “Bale Gong” translated used the borrowing method. “Bale” is a “hall”, “selonding and gong” is a kinds of Balinese music.

The borrowing method used to translated “Bale Selonding and Bale Gong” more equivalence than the others methods, as giving the name of a place based on the shape and usefulness. Like this hall is used as a place to play  Selonding called Bale Selonding, and used as a place to play Gong called Bale Gong.  

(3-3)         SL “Bale Pepawosan dibangun di atas tanah seluas 100 m2”, ( page : 12)

TL “Bale Pepawosan is built on a 100-sqm area (page: 36)

In this text “Bale Pepawosan” translated used borrowing method. The meaning  of  Bale Pepawosan is the hall using to discussing literature.

The borrowing method used to translated “Bale Pepawosan” more equivalence than the others methods, because more hall be able using to discussing, but the “Bale Pepawosan” special for discussing literature.

(3-4)         SL “Fungsinya sebagai tempat pepawosan, tempat diskusi sastra “Dharma Wecana”.  (page: 12)

TL “It functions as pepawosan, a room for discussing literature “Dharma Wecana”. (page : 36)

In this text “Dharma Wecana” translated by borrowing method, because this method more equivalence than the other methods.

“Dharma Wecana” is synonym of pepawosan and discussing literature, but “Dharma Wecana” special to discussing a good value and wisdom on the life.

(3-5)       SL “Kalangan Ayodya sering dipergunakan untuk mementaskan kegiatan rutin Taman Budaya seperti: Tari, Kecak, olah seni dan sebagainya” ( page : 16 )

TL “Kalangan Ayodya often facilitates routine shows of the art center, such as : Dance, Kecak, Art Activities and the others. (page : 40)

         In this text, “kalangan” translated used the borrowing method. “kalangan” is from Balinese language, if translated to Indonesia to be “arena” ( www//kamusbali.com), and synonym of “arena” is “panggung” ( www//sinonimkata.com). “arena” translated to English to be  “arena” ( mizan_dict.pdf – Adobe Reader :54 ), and “panggung” translated to English to be “stage” ( mizan_dict.pdf- Adobe Reader : 34 ).  “Kecak” translated used the borrowing method because “Kecak” is the name of Balinese dance.

        The borrowing method used to translated “Kalangan and Kecak” is more equivalence than the other methods, because “kalangan” is more reflected Balinese characteristic than “arena and stage”.

(3-6)          SL “ Kori Agung diapit 2 (dua) Bale Bengong yang terletak di sebelah utara dan selatannya.

TL “ Kori Agung is situated between 2 (two) Bale Bengongs on its north and south sides.  

In this text “Kori Agung” translated used the borrowing method. “Kori” in English is “Door”. (mizan_dict.pdf-Adobe  Reader: 520) “Agung” in English is “great, large, main”. ( mizan_dict.pdf-Adobe Reader: 12 ). 

The Borrowing method used  to translated “Kori Agung” is more equivalence than the others methods, because “Kori Agung” is more reflection of Balinese culture than “Grat door, Large door and Main door”.

                          3.1      Calque Method

(3-7)         SL “……….Prof. Dr. Ida Bagus Mantra yang pada saat itu menjawab sebagai Direktur Jendral Kebudayaan, …” (page : 6)

TL “……….Prof. Dr. Ida Bagus Mantra, who at that time was Director General of Culture…….” (page : 31)

In this text “Direktur Jendral” translated used the calque method to be “Director General” in English.

               The calque method used to translated “Direktur Jendral” to be “Director General” is more equivalence, because this method special kind of borrowing, and the terms of “Direktur Jendral” is interference from English “Director General”.

           

(3-8)        SL  “Dimanfaatkan sebagai tempat pergelaran kegiatan rutin dan non rutin Taman Budaya serta kegiatan Pesta kesenian Bali”. (page : 18 )

TL “It is used to stage both routine and non routine shows of the Art Center as well as the activities of the Bali Art Show”. (page : 43)

In this text “rutin dan non rutin” translated used the calque method to be “routine and non routine” in English.

The Calque method used to translated “rutin” and “non rutin” in this text is special kind of borrowing and than  translates literally. It is more equivalence methods than others methods, and the terms of “rutin” and “non rutin” is Interference from English  “routine” and “non routine”.

                        3.2      Literal Translation Method

(3-9)           SL “Lantai atas gedung difungsikan sebagai perpustakaan” (page : 12)

TL “The upper level of the building functions as a library” (page : 36)

The translation method of this text is literal, or word for word, such as; “Lantai atas to be the upper level”, “gedung to be building”, “difungsikan to be functions”, “perpustakaan to be library”.  

The literal method used to translated this sentence is more equivalence than others methods, because no idioms and the words are ambiguous in this sentence.

(3-10)      SL “Lantai bawah gedung dimanfaatkan sebagai ruang baca bagi para pengunjung, serta tempat pertemuan lain saat diperlukan” ( page : 12 )

TL “ The lower level of the building serves as the reading room for the visitors as well as meeting room, if necessary”. (page : 36)

The translation method of this text is literal, or word for word, such as; “Lantai bawah to be the lower level”, “gedung to be building”, “dimanfaatkan to be serves”, “ruang baca to be reading room”, “pengunjung to be visitors”, “tempat pertemuan to be meeting room”, and “diperlukan to be necessary”.

The literal method used to translated this sentence is more equivalence than others methods, because no idioms and the words are ambiguous in this sentence.

(3-11)         SL “Lantai atas terbagi menjadi dua (2) ruangan : ruang I dan II. (page : 14)

TL “Upper level consists of 2 (two) rooms : room I and II. (page : 38)

The translation method of this text is literal, or word for word, such as ; “Lantai atas to be upper level”, “terbagi to be consists”, “dua (2) to be 2 (two)”, “ruangan to be room”, and “ruang I dan II to be room I and II”.

The literal method used to translated this sentence is more equivalence than others methods, because no idioms and the words are ambiguous in this sentence.

(3-12)         SL “Lantai bawah terbagi menjadi empat (4) ruangan: ruangan III, IV, V, dan VI”. (page : 14)

TL “Lower level consists of 4 (four) rooms: room III, IV, V, and VI”. (page 38)

The translation method of this text is literal, or word for word, such as; “Lantai bawah to be lower level”, “terbagi to be consists”, “empat ( 4 ) to be 4 ( four )”, “ruangan to be rooms”, “ruang III, IV, V, and VI to be room III, IV, V and VI”.

The literal translation method to determine the meaning of the word for word, help the translator to understand the content of the text in the original language in the early phase of translation, and than make it more representative and understandable when converted into the target language. The negative influence of this method is less accurate to use when translating idioms, and words are ambiguous.

                        3.3      Transposition

(3-14)        SL “Proyek ini mulai dilaksanakan pada tahun 1969 dengan dana dari Pemerintah Pusat secara bertahap dari Pelita : I, II, III, IV, V. ( page : 7 )

TL “The project was kicked off in 1969, benefiting from the fund, allocated by the Central Government in Five Stages of Developments Programs: I, II, III, IV, V.( page : 31 )

The translation method of this text is used transposition method is “pelita” translated to be “Five Stage of Developments Programs” “pelita” is a term and “Five Stage of Developments Programs” is description of a term, this is category of  replacement of a words class by another words class without changing the meaning.  

The transposition method used to translated the term “pelita” to be “Five Stage of Developments Programs” in English is more equivalence than others methods, because the term “pelita” is one word and  “Five Stage of Developments Programs” is more than one words, therefore this is category of replacement of a words class.

(3-14)         SL “KASUBAG TU” ( page : 9 )

TL “Head of Administration Sub Division” ( page : 33 )

In this text “KASUBAG TU” Is a term and “Head of Administration Sub Division” is description of term, this is category of  replacement of a word class by another word class without changing the meaning.

The transposition method used in this translation is more equivalence more than other methods, because this is category of replacement of a words class.

                         IV.             CONCLUSION

Based on the analysis above, can be concluded that the procedure to translated Balinese terms is used borrowing method, because the types of borrowing method more equivalence than others methods. The procedure to translated interference words  is used calque method, because the types of calque method special kind of borrowing then translates literally. The procedure to translated sentence without idioms and ambiguous words is used literal method. The procedure to translated category replacement of a words class is used transposition method.

  

REFERENCES

Kuhiwczak,Piort. Karin Littau.2007. The Companion to translation Studies. Clexedon. Buffalo. Toronto : Multilingual Matters LTD

Mizan_dict.pdf – Adobe Reader. Views November 8, 2013

St-Pierre, Paul. Prafulla C. Kar. 2007. In Translation-Reflections, Refractions, Transformations. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Taman Budaya. 2013. A life In Art Centre. Bali: UPT. Taman Budaya Dinas Kebudayaan Provinsi Bali.

Venuti, Lawrence. 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. London and New York :Taylor & Francis Group.

www//kamusbali.com. Views November 8, 2013

www//sinonimkata.com. Views November 8, 2013